Notes & Snaps on Parakeets |
Celebrating Parakeets
On the occasion of World Parrot Day
31 May 2025
World Parrot Day is observed
annually on 31st May, to highlight the urgent need for parrot conservation and
raise awareness about the threats these intelligent and vibrant birds face across
the world.
(c) Rufus
Note: I’m told by experts in the field
that, in India, parakeets are more common than parrots in general. While “parrot”
is a broader term for a family of birds, parakeets are small, seed-eating
parrots with long tails and are particularly abundant in the Indian
subcontinent.
(c) Rufus
Specifically, the Rose-ringed
Parakeet is one of the most common parrots in India.
In their insightful book titled, Parrots
of the Wild: A Natural History of the World’s Most Captivating Birds, Catherine A.
Toft and Timothy F. Wright observe -
Throughout the day, the
chatter of parakeets and parrotlets filled the air with cascades of sound like
an ever-present waterfall. Their calls worked their way into my subconscious…
And that’s exactly what we witnessed
today, even as we went to our terrace to take a darshan of these lovely
parakeets on the occasion of World Parrot Day today.
Sharing here on this blogpost, some of the
lovely pictures I had taken today.
(c) Rufus
Well, these Rose-ringed
Parakeets (also known as Indian Ringneck Parakeet) are the most common
and widely distributed parrot species in India. You’ll frequently see and hear
their noisy flocks all around you! 😊
These birds are native to
India and play important ecological roles.
However, it’s unfortunate that, many
species, particularly the Rose-ringed, Alexandrine, and Plum-headed parakeets,
are heavily targeted by the illegal pet trade, leading to conservation
concerns.
In India, it is illegal to trap, sell,
or keep native parrot species as pets under the Wildlife (Protection) Act,
1972.
Let’s be responsible citizens, by
not buying wild-caught parrots!
In fact, it is the demand for
parrots as pets that fuels the illegal wildlife trade, which acts as a major
threat to wild parrot populations in India and across the world.
In our little ways, we can provide food and shelter for all our feathered friends,
including the urban parakeet species like the Rose-ringed parakeet, in our own gardens, terraces or balconies. We can also
provide them with fresh water in a bird bath.
On the occasion of World
Parrot Day today, let’s take a moment to appreciate these incredible birds and
take concrete steps to ensure their survival. Your actions, no matter how
small, contribute to their protection!
That furtive glance! That surreptitious look! That stealthy watch from a hidden perch! 😊
Spotted Owlets
For more on these lovely human-faced Spotted Owlets in MCC, on our vlog HERE
The brain-fever bird - the Common Hawk-Cuckoo 😊
For more info on this pretty pair - the Common Hawk-Cuckoo on our vlog HERE
Meet the Coin Thief 😊
For more on the beautiful Rufous Treepie, on our Vlog HERE
(c) this blogger 😊
The Woods at Madras Christian College are absolutely ‘lovely,
dark and deep’ and they are quite renowned for their exceptional greenery and for their sylvan
locale as well.
The Campus is a sprawling
scrub jungle, of around 300 – 400 acres, and its rich natural habitat provides
a rich ecosystem for diverse flora and fauna. In fact, it’s considered one of
the largest scrub jungles in Asia.
Many books, journal
articles, Magazine features, and newspaper features, have been published on the rich biodiversity in
Campus, that is home to a wide variety of plant and animal species.
Studies have recorded over
500 plant species, including 118 different species of trees, 73 shrubs, 181
herbs, 47 climbers, 5 orchids, and 2 pteridophytes.
In fact, there are also threatened
plant species like Cycas beddomi and Commiphora wightii.
As regards animals, the
campus supports a significant animal population, including spotted deer
(estimated 80-90), blackbucks, rabbits, wild boars, various snakes, birds (over
83 species recorded in 1939, and 80 species of butterflies), porcupines, toddy
cats, and bats.
Edward Barnes and his wife
Alice Barnes, who lived on campus since 1932, painstakingly shaped and nurtured
the atmosphere by planting hundreds of rare plants. This legacy of preserving
green cover continues with initiatives like the “Prof Edward Barnes Tree
Plantation Drive”.
The college has
a farm, started in 1964, which utilizes land productively for research and
cultivation. It grows horticultural crops (mango, sapota, papaya, guava,
banana, amla) and various short-term vegetable crops (bhendi, brinjal, pumpkin,
etc.).
Organic farming practices
are employed, and produce is supplied to the college community. The farm also
houses green projects like a solar power plant and a sewage treatment plant,
contributing to sustainability.
MCC has a dedicated student-led
“Scrub Society” and Wildlife Conservation Club, dedicated to safeguarding the
greenery of the campus. They organize activities like campus walks, bird
watching, tree census, tree planting, and campus cleaning to encourage
environmental appreciation and conservation.
Sustainability is one of
the key USPs of our College, demonstrated through a strong commitment to being
a “green campus”.
The College meets 50% of
its power needs through solar energy, has a modernized Sewage Treatment Plant
(STP), and actively promotes waste management practices to achieve a “Zero
Waste Institution” goal.
The Woods offer a truly
green and natural environment, meticulously preserved and actively managed,
providing a unique and enriching experience for its students and dwellers as
well.
Thought of presenting just
a few of the many eminent naturalists in India, who had graduated from MCC.
John C (Jacob)
Johncee’s Bush Frog
Raorchestes johnceei Zachariah et al., 2011
Professor John C. (Johnsi)
Jacob (1936–2008) was born in Kerala, India and was one of the pioneers of the
environmental movement there.
He studied zoology at Madras
Christian College, where he was awarded his bachelor’s degree. He worked at Payanur
College until retirement (1972–1992), eventually becoming Head of the Zoology
Department.
An ardent naturalist, he
devoted his life to conserving the biodiversity of the Western Ghats.
He wrote a number of books
including Urangunnavarude Thazhvaraka. The etymology reads: ‘The species is
named after Late Prof. John C. Jacob (who was popularly known as ‘Johncee’), in
honor of his nature education movement initiatives in Kerala.’ At least one
plant species
is named after him.
Source
Beolens, Bo et al. The
Eponym Dictionary of Amphibians. Exeter: Pelagic Publishing, 2013.
Professor C R Narayan Rao
Professor C R Narayan Rao (1882–1960)
was an Indian herpetologist and zoologist.
He was educated at Madras
Christian College and, after gaining his diploma, became a teacher
in Coimbatore and Ernakulam.
He moved to Central
College,
Bangalore, University of Mysore, where he was Head, Department of Zoology,
which he created, until his retirement (1909–1937). He co-founded (1932) and
was first Editor of Current Science.
He was influential in the
decision that led to the foundation of the Indian Academy of Sciences. His
speciality was frogs and their taxonomy.
This is the brown wood
owl. I chanced upon this cute human-facedowl couple in the morning
around 6.30 in Nagarhole, Karnataka.
Well, owls are fascinating nocturnal
hunters, most active at night, resting during the day in tree hollows, and in dense
trees like these, where they beautifully blend in, well-camouflaged in their
forest environment.
They are found in South and
Southeast Asia, and they have a kinda humanlike face as well.
These Brown Wood Owls are
highly territorial birds, usually hunting and nesting in the same area. And
like the hornbills and the eagles, owls are socially monogamous and so they
pair for life, and both parents contributing to raising their young.
In Greek and Roman mythology the
owl is a powerful and positive symbol of wisdom, intelligence, and strategic
insight, primarily due to its close connection with the revered Greek goddess
Athena and the Roman goddess Minerva.
This small owl is often depicted
perched on Athena’s shoulder, acting as her guide, companion, and advisor. It
was believed to reveal truths and hidden knowledge, allowing Athena to see in the dark both literally and metaphorically.
This phrase is still used today,
particularly in philosophical contexts. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel famously
wrote in Elements of the Philosophy of Right: “The owl of Minerva spreads its
wings only with the falling of the dusk.”
This metaphor suggests that
philosophy (and true understanding) often arrives only after events have
unfolded, allowing for reflection and comprehension of what has transpired.
Jennifer Ackerman, author of the
highly engaging book on owls, titled, What an Owl Knows, has some very
exciting information on offer, as regards the new science concerning the
‘world’s most enigmatic birds’.
She also calls them‘Wolves of the
Sky’, highlighting their unique predatory abilities like the wolves that are
largely active during the night, making them masters of the night.
Much groundbreaking work has been
done on their superb night vision and hearing, their extraordinary ability to
locate noises, their near-soundless flight—adaptations that make owls a
pinnacle not just of the food chain but of evolution itself.
Owls have exquisite sensitivity to
light and movement. They can see ultraviolet light, too!
She adds –
What is it about owls that so
enthralls us?
They appear in the Chauvet Cave
paintings of France dating to 30,000 years ago and in the hieroglyphics of
ancient Egyptians, in Greek mythology and among the deities of the Ainu people
of Japan, in the prints and etchings of Picasso and as couriers in the Harry
Potter stories, shuttling between the realm of matter-of-fact Muggles and the
magical.
They inhabit our languages
and are embedded in our sayings.
When we’re cranky, stubborn,
uncooperative, we are “owly.” If we stay up late or are active at night, we’re
“night owls.” If we’re aged and sage, we’re “wise old owls.”
Their flight is velvety quiet, and
their hunting skills, often deployed in pitch black, inspire awe.
They’re often viewed as prophets or
messengers. The Greeks believed that an owl flying over a battlefield predicted
victory. In the early folklore of India, owls crop up as symbols of wisdom and
prophecy.
They are cryptic and
camouflaged, secretive and active at a time when access to field sites is
challenging.
Owls are not only cryptic,
guarded, and secretive, they’re also dissidents and iconoclasts, rule breakers.
We think of owls as solitary, for instance, but a few species congregate—like
those Long-eared Owls that roost in big colonies.
Owls set my head a-whirr with
questions. Why do they wield such a hold on the human imagination? They have a
reputation for wisdom, but are they smart? Do they act by instinct alone, or
are they curious and inventive? Do they have feelings and emotions? Why do an
owl’s eyes, alone in the bird world, face the same way ours do?
“If anyone knows anything about
anything,” says Winnie-the-Pooh, “it’s Owl who knows something about
something.”
Owls have truths to tell us,
from afar—from their perches and nests deep in old-growth forests, deserts, the
Arctic—and from up close, in the hands of vets, rehabbers, researchers, and
educators. We would be wise to listen,
observes Jeniffer on her
prefatory to this lovely book on ‘owls’.
So what makes Owl attain
this celebratory status in Milne’s Winnie?
“Winnie-the-Pooh” is a children’s
book written by A.A. Milne. The characters and setting were inspired by Milne’s
own son, Christopher Robin Milne, and his collection of stuffed animals.
It is a collection of ten episodic
short stories that chronicle the gentle adventures of Pooh and his friends.
Each chapter presents a new situation or problem that the characters navigate
with their unique personalities and approaches.
Winnie-the-Pooh (or Pooh
Bear): The titular character, a good-natured, honey-loving bear of very
little brain, known for his simple wisdom and loyalty.
Christopher Robin: The kind and
imaginative boy who interacts with his toy animals, often serving as their
guide and problem-solver. He's based on Milne's son.
Piglet: Pooh’s timid
but devoted best friend, who often overcomes his fears for the sake of his
friends.
Eeyore: A gloomy,
pessimistic donkey who is always prepared for the worst, yet is loved by his
friends.
Owl: The
self-proclaimed intellectual of the group, known for his long-winded
explanations and (sometimes inaccurate) knowledge, as the quote you provided
highlights.
Rabbit: Practical,
organized, and sometimes a bit bossy, but ultimately cares for his friends.
Kanga and Roo: A mother
kangaroo and her energetic joey, who bring a sense of family and nurturing to
the Wood. (Tigger is introduced in the sequel, “The House at Pooh Corner.”)
Coming back,
Jennifer Ackerman has a lot to
say about many species of owls, from around the world. She even has a mention
of the Forest Owlet and the Mottled Wood Owl, in India. However, her book
doesn’t mention the Brown Wood Owl, which is different from the Mottled Wood
Owl.
One thing however stands out in
her observations. She says -
In some cultures, owls are
literally loved to death. In India, on the night of Diwali, the Festival of
Lights, Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth and prosperity, is said to travel the
earth, visiting homes lit with lamps. In Hindu mythology, owls are considered
the vahana (or vehicle) of Lakshmi.
Some people believe that
killing an owl—although it’s illegal to do so—will trap Lakshmi in their house,
bringing them good luck and wealth all year round. As a consequence, the
Festival of Lights brings death to thousands of owls, she says.
The Times of India, in its issue
dated 7th November 2018, (on Diwali day) also throws ample light on the
practice of killing owls at some places in India.
Jennifer in her concluding
remarks has this to say –
Even as we are all part
of the problem, we are also part of the solution. What can an individual do? I
put the question to a range of owl experts -
Do what you can, they
said. Advocate for the preservation of critical habitat and against forces that
destroy it —logging, urbanization, agricultural development. Create owl habitat
yourself, safe places for owls to roost and nest.
Check live trees for hollows
before felling or trimming them, and leave snags and other dead trees standing
when they don’t pose a risk.
Put up nest boxes. Use traps to
control rats and mice rather than poisons. Learn what you can about owls around
you.
Who lives there? And where do
they live? What are the threats facing them? Go out to try to find your local
owls, but be aware of the impact you’re having. Using playback to draw in owls
can stress already stressed birds. Be courteous and respectful.
Get to know owls in
whatever way you can, she says.
“Exploring the lives of these
creatures is always a rich and rewarding activity and can be full of surprises.”
To young people interested in
a career, I want to say that owls are way more complex than we think, way
cooler than we can imagine. And there’s still so much to explore, to discover.
It’s an exciting place to be,”
A Quintessential Knock! &
A Dazzling Partnership!!
From Sourav and Dravid ❤️
26th May 1999
#memoriesfromdiaries
From my personal diary
entry, dt 26th May 1999
The ICC World Cup 1999
This particular day went
down in cricketing history, as one of the most memorable days in the annals of
the game!
When Sri Lanka came a cropper
at the Cooper County ground! 😊
Or rather, the timid Sri
Lankan side was taunted at Taunton by the Bengal Tiger and The Wall! 😊
ICC World Cup 1999 - Special Issue from INDIA TODAY | May 1999
This India vs Sri Lanka ICC
World Cup fixture had all those ecstatic moments that we most eagerly watch out
for, in an ODI!
This was Sourav’s first
World Cup! Same with Dravid as well!
And Sourav went on to post his
personal best – his highest ODI Score - of 183 runs off just 158 balls.
Same with Dravid, who
amassed 145 runs off just 129 balls.
The Indian side were up
against the formidable defending champs Sri Lanka!
Sri Lanka, won the toss
and elected to field first!
And the Indian duo’s (Saurav
& Dravid) quintessential knock of 300 plus runs, shattered the hope and the
confidence of the opposition to smithereens, pulverizing them by a phenomenal
157 runs, posting a whopping 373/6 in 50 overs. 😊
26th May 1999 also goes into
the record books for having made One-day International Cricket’s first ever
300-run partnership.
There were hysteric
moments each and every time Ganguly belted the ball across the boundary, [17
times], and over the boundary [7 times]!
A blazing tit for a rhetorical
tat from the Indian side, who had done miserably against Sri Lanka (the
defending champs) just in the previous edition of the World Cup in Eden
Gardens, Calcutta.
And as I’ve mentioned in
the last line of this particular diary entry, Ganguly’s 183 had overtaken
Kapil’s unbeaten 175 that Kapil had achieved in the ICC World Cup 1983.
How did Kapil achieve this
unbeaten 175?
In the 1983 World Cup, having
lost two consecutive matches – against the Aussies and the West Indies, India
were facing a must-win situation in this particular world cup match against
Zimbabwe, to keep their World Cup hopes alive.
The situation kept
worsening, when India’s top order collapsed dramatically. Openers Sunil
Gavaskar and Kris Srikkanth were dismissed for ducks. Mohinder Amarnath (5),
Sandeep Patil (1), and Yashpal Sharma (9) also fell cheaply, leaving India
reeling at 17 for 5.
That’s when Kapil Dev –
the Captain stepped in.
Coming in at number six,
Kapil Dev, single-handedly rescued the Indian innings, playing a magnificent
knock of 175 (not out) off just 138 balls. His innings was studded with 16
fours and 6 sixes.
Kapil’s Captain’s knock was
indeed a bolt-from-the-blue heroic effort that propelled India from a
precarious 17 for 5 to a challenging total of 266 for 8 in their allotted 60
overs.
60 overs???
Yes, the first three Cricket
World Cups were played with 60 overs per side.
The matches were reduced from
60 to 50 overs per innings, when India and Pakistan jointly hosted the 1987
Cricket World Cup. This change was primarily due to the shorter daylight hours
in the Indian subcontinent compared to England's summer.
Eight balls per over??
Also, yet another curious fact
of cricketing history is that, the first-ever ODI was played in 1971 between
Australia and England, - a 40-over-a-side match with eight balls per over.
I am tempted to quote from
Ravi Shastri’s 2021 Stargazing: The Players in My Life, where Ravi talks about
Kapil – the Cricketer!
Here goes –
Kapil Dev was the most
talented of the four great all-rounders of my era. Fans of Ian Botham, Imran
Khan and Richard Hadlee might not agree, but having watched and played against
all – including Kapil in domestic cricket over several years – I stand firm by
my assessment.
Kapil made a name for himself as one of the hardest and cleanest strikers of
the ball.
I remember a match against the
West Indies in Nagpur where he sent a Patrick Patterson delivery rocketing to
the fence and it ricocheted back to the bowler. Patterson wasn’t amused.
An instinctive and aggressive
batsman, Kapil was always on the lookout for quick runs. But he wasn’t a
senseless slogger. He relished big shots and most of his strokes came from hits
through the line, usually smack from the middle of the bat.
He was also a superb runner
between wickets, which put additional pressure on the fielding side. He didn’t
plan his innings. There was no deep analysis. (That came when he started doing
commentary!)
He was a terrific improviser,
and had an excellent eye and reflexes. For someone who played so aggressively,
he was astonishingly good in tough situations, difficult conditions and
pitches.
The innings which immortalized
Kapil is obviously his 175 not out against Zimbabwe in the 1983 World Cup. It
is among the most extraordinary ODI innings for the daunting circumstances in
which it was played.
We were caught on a vicious
seaming track at Tunbridge Wells. The top order fell in a heap, leaving us
precariously placed. I remember being sixth out, when the score was just
20-odd.
Kapil took maybe ten or fifteen
minutes to settle down, and then suddenly his batting changed. Once he had got
his eye in, nothing fazed him.
Whether fast, medium pace or slow,
the Zimbabwe bowlers came under heavy attack as he kept depositing the ball
into the car park.
His stupendous innings turned the
match on its head, and triggered fresh ambition in the side, culminating in us
beating the West Indies in the final to win the title. Kapil’s role in this
triumph was salutary.
He led from the front at every
opportunity. If his innings against Zimbabwe revived our fortunes and our
appetite for victory midway through the tournament, the catch in the final, a
steepling skier, to dismiss a rampaging Viv Richards virtually sealed the
final.
His sunny personality, always
brimming with optimism, was infectious and rubbed off on us all through the
tournament,
We chanced upon
these Stripe-Necked Mongooses in Nagarhole Tiger Reserve, Karnataka.
The
Stripe-necked mongoose is the largest
mongoose in Asia. They are native to southern India (primarily the Western
Ghats and some parts of the Eastern Ghats) and Sri Lanka.
It always has a black stripe, thinly bordered with white, from
ear to shoulder on both sides of the neck, and hence the name ‘Stripe-necked’!
The
Mongoose
is primarily terrestrial ie., ground-dwelling creatures, and spend a lot of
their time foraging on the ground. Moreover, they are diurnal i.e., they are active
during the day and generally solitary. They also tend to avoid human
habitation.
They
use their
keen sense of smell and long claws to locate and dig out prey from holes in the
ground or under debris.
Be
it beetles,
millipedes, ants, crickets, termites, grasshoppers, Rodents (mice, rats), small
reptiles (lizards, small snakes), amphibians (frogs), ground birds and their
eggs, they have them all.
In Indian
mythology, Kubera, king
of the Yakshas, is the guardian of treasures. His pet mongoose spits out
precious gems.
In literature, mongooses are often depicted as brave and
resourceful. A notable example is Rudyard Kipling’s “Rikki-Tikki-Tavi”,
where a mongoose named Rikki-Tikki bravely battles cobras to protect a family.
“The Loyal
Mongoose,” a Panchatantra
story, highlights the importance of careful thought before action.
A
couple leaves
their infant child with their pet mongoose for a while. Upon their return,
they see the mongoose with blood on its mouth and immediately conclude it has
harmed their baby.
Without
pausing
to consider the situation, they attack and kill the mongoose. They soon
discover their baby is safe and the blood on the mongoose is from a snake the
mongoose had killed to protect the child. The story emphasizes the need to
think carefully before acting and avoid making assumptions based on limited
information.
Best Seen At: Nagarhole NP, Karnataka; Aanamalai WLS, Tamil Nadu
Locally CommonSocial Unit: Solitary or pairs
Citations
Pattanaik,
Devdutt.Indian
Mythology: Tales, Symbols, and Rituals from the Heart of the Subcontinent.Vermont:
Inner Traditions, 2003
Menon, Vivek.Indian Mammals: A Field Guide. Gurgaon:
Hachette Books, 2014.
If Rousseau’s Emile envisages a
wonderful pattern or a benchmark for the education of children, an education
that goes the Krishnamurti way, through the Nature connect, Emerson’s
phenomenal work titled, Nature, published first in 1836, nurtures in
our hearts an exemplary rubric for restoring the human-nature-god connect,
which, to him, and a host of transcendentalists of his ilk, has been lost somewhere
down the way!
So what is Emerson’s “Nature” all about?
Ralph Waldo Emerson's essay “Nature,”
published in 1836, is a foundational text of American Transcendentalism. It is
a profound exploration of the relationship between humanity and the natural
world, arguing for a deeper, spiritual connection to nature as a path to
self-discovery and understanding of the divine.
Emerson argues that humans have
become disconnected from nature by relying too muchon tradition,
societal norms, and the observations of past generations.
He proposes that
individuals should seek a direct, personal, and intuitive relationship with the
natural world. Remember? Wordsworth’s “The World is too much with us?”
In other words, Emerson’s “Nature,” is also an exemplary benchmark of sorts, for it eulogises in such beautifully
evocative language, the aesthetic, the spiritual and the practical advantages
there are, to the American landscape, or in other words the benefits of the
human-nature-god connect vis-à-vis the American landscape!
Interestingly, the year 1836
is memorable on many other counts too!
It was the year Carlyle
published his Sartor Resartus and his subsequent The French
Revolution: A History happened the next year, in 1837.
Coming back -
Emerson’s ideas had a profound
and lasting impact on generations of writers, thinkers, and philosophers. He
was a mentor and friend to Henry David Thoreau and significantly influenced
Walt Whitman, William James, and others.
His emphasis on individualism,
self-discovery, and the spiritual connection with nature shaped the course of
American Romanticism and continues to resonate in discussions about identity,
spirituality, and environmentalism.
He is fondly referred to as
the ‘Prophet of the American Religion’ by Harold Bloom,
Well, the Emerson impact on a
generation of writers is then not quite a surprise though! Thoreau took a leaf
out of Emerson’s book when he made his observations of Nature much more
concretised, like there was to the Hegel – Marx duo!
Whitman, in his Leaves
of Grass gave poetic wings to Emerson’s clarion call for a return to
Nature!
Furthermore, the Emerson –
John Muir connect is yet another pivotal topic for much interesting
deliberation!
Here are some of his most
famous quotes that are worth cherishing, relishing and emulating -
To be yourself in a world
that is constantly trying to make you something else is the greatest
accomplishment.
Nothing great was ever
achieved without enthusiasm.
A foolish consistency is
the hobgoblin of little minds.
The only way to have a
friend is to be one.
What lies behind you and
what lies in front of you, pales in comparison to what lies inside of you.
Do not go where the path
may lead, go instead where there is no path and leave a trail.
The earth laughs in
flowers.
Live in the sunshine, swim
the sea, drink the wild air.
Our greatest glory is not
in never failing, but in rising up every time we fail.
When it is dark enough,
you can see the stars.
All life is an experiment.
The more experiments you make the better.
Trust thyself: every heart
vibrates to that iron string.
Write it on your heart
that every day is the best day in the year.
The purpose of life is not
to be happy. It is to be useful, to be honorable, to be compassionate, to have
it make some difference that you have lived and lived well.
The ancestor of every
action is a thought.
If Shakespeare’s titular claim to fame
was ‘Bard of Avon,’ Emerson’s titular claim to fame rests in the sobriquet,
Sage of Concord, and he remains - till date - the dominant ‘sage’ of the
American imagination!
PS: You may want to read
our past post on Emerson’s The American Scholar HERE on our blog.
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